FLUID KINEMATICS
Fluid kinematics deals with describing the motion of fluids without necessarily considering the forces and moments that cause the motion. In this chapter, we introduce several kinematic concepts related to flowing fluids. We discuss the material derivative and its role in transforming the conservation equations from the Lagrangian description of fluid flow (following a fluid particle) to the Eulerian description of fluid flow (pertaining to a flow field). We then discuss various ways to visualize flow fields— streamlines, streaklines, pathlines, timelines, and optical methods schlieren and shadowgraph—and we describe three ways to plot flow data—profile plots, vector plots, and contour plots. We explain the four fundamental kinematic properties of fluid motion and deformation—rate of translation, rate of rotation, linear strain rate, and shear strain rate. The concepts of vorticity, rotationality, and irrotationality in fluid flows are also discussed. Finally, we discuss the Reynolds transport theorem (RTT), emphasizing its role in transforming the equations of motion from those following a system to those pertaining to fluid flow into and out of a control volume. The analogy between material derivative for infinitesimal fluid elements and RTT for finite control volumes is explained.
Fluid kinematics deals with describing the motion of fluids without necessarily considering the forces and moments that cause the motion. In this chapter, we introduce several kinematic concepts related to flowing fluids. We discuss the material derivative and its role in transforming the conservation equations from the Lagrangian description of fluid flow (following a fluid particle) to the Eulerian description of fluid flow (pertaining to a flow field). We then discuss various ways to visualize flow fields— streamlines, streaklines, pathlines, timelines, and optical methods schlieren and shadowgraph—and we describe three ways to plot flow data—profile plots, vector plots, and contour plots. We explain the four fundamental kinematic properties of fluid motion and deformation—rate of translation, rate of rotation, linear strain rate, and shear strain rate. The concepts of vorticity, rotationality, and irrotationality in fluid flows are also discussed. Finally, we discuss the Reynolds transport theorem (RTT), emphasizing its role in transforming the equations of motion from those following a system to those pertaining to fluid flow into and out of a control volume. The analogy between material derivative for infinitesimal fluid elements and RTT for finite control volumes is explained.
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